interviewer: Welcome, can I get you coffee or anything? Do you need a break?
me: No, I've probably had too much coffee already!
interviewer: Great, great. And are you OK with writing code on the whiteboard?
me: It's the only way I code!
interviewer: ...
me: That was a joke.
interviewer: OK, so are you familiar with "fizz buzz"?
me: ...
interviewer: Is that a yes or a no?
me: It's more of a "I can't believe you're asking me that."
interviewer: OK, so I need you to print the numbers from 1 to 100, except that if the number is divisible by 3 print "fizz", if it's divisible by 5 print "buzz", and if it's divisible by 15 print "fizzbuzz".
me: I'm familiar with it.
interviewer: Great, we find that candidates who can't get this right don't do well here.
me: ...
interviewer: Here's a marker and an eraser.
me: [thinks for a couple of minutes]
interviewer: Do you need help getting started?
me: No, no, I'm good. So let's start with some standard imports:
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
interviewer: Um, you understand the problem is fizzbuzz, right?
me: Do I ever. So, now let's talk models. I'm thinking a simple multi-layer-perceptron with one hidden layer.
interviewer: Perceptron?
me: Or neural network, whatever you want to call it. We want the input to be a number, and the output to be the correct "fizzbuzz" representation of that number. In particular, we need to turn each input into a vector of "activations". One simple way would be to convert it to binary.
interviewer: Binary?
me: Yeah, you know, 0's and 1's? Something like:
def binary_encode(i, num_digits):
return np.array([i >> d & 1 for d in range(num_digits)])
interviewer: [stares at whiteboard for a minute]
me: And our output will be a one-hot encoding of the fizzbuzz representation of the number, where the first position indicates "print as-is", the second indicates "fizz", and so on:
def fizz_buzz_encode(i):
if i % 15 == 0: return np.array([0, 0, 0, 1])
elif i % 5 == 0: return np.array([0, 0, 1, 0])
elif i % 3 == 0: return np.array([0, 1, 0, 0])
else: return np.array([1, 0, 0, 0])
interviewer: OK, that's probably enough.
me: That's enough setup, you're exactly right. Now we need to generate some training data. It would be cheating to use the numbers 1 to 100 in our training data, so let's train it on all the remaining numbers up to 1024:
NUM_DIGITS = 10
trX = np.array([binary_encode(i, NUM_DIGITS) for i in range(101, 2 ** NUM_DIGITS)])
trY = np.array([fizz_buzz_encode(i) for i in range(101, 2 ** NUM_DIGITS)])
interviewer: ...
me: Now we need to set up our model in tensorflow. Off the top of my head I'm not sure how many hidden units to use, maybe 10?
interviewer: ...
me: Yeah, possibly 100 is better. We can always change it later.
NUM_HIDDEN = 100
We'll need an input variable with width NUM_DIGITS, and an output variable with width 4:
X = tf.placeholder("float", [None, NUM_DIGITS])
Y = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 4])
interviewer: How far are you intending to take this?
me: Oh, just two layers deep -- one hidden layer and one output layer. Let's use randomly-initialized weights for our neurons:
def init_weights(shape):
return tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape, stddev=0.01))
w_h = init_weights([NUM_DIGITS, NUM_HIDDEN])
w_o = init_weights([NUM_HIDDEN, 4])
And we're ready to define the model. As I said before, one hidden layer, and let's use, I don't know, ReLU activation:
def model(X, w_h, w_o):
h = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(X, w_h))
return tf.matmul(h, w_o)
We can use softmax cross-entropy as our cost function and try to minimize it:
py_x = model(X, w_h, w_o)
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(py_x, Y))
train_op = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.05).minimize(cost)
interviewer: ...
me: And, of course, the prediction will just be the largest output:
predict_op = tf.argmax(py_x, 1)
interviewer: Before you get too far astray, the problem you're supposed to be solving is to generate fizz buzz for the numbers from 1 to 100.
me: Oh, great point, the predict_op function will output a number from 0 to 3,
but we want a "fizz buzz" output:
def fizz_buzz(i, prediction):
return [str(i), "fizz", "buzz", "fizzbuzz"][prediction]
interviewer: ...
me: So now we're ready to train the model. Let's grab a tensorflow session and initialize the variables:
with tf.Session() as sess:
tf.initialize_all_variables().run()
Now let's run, say, 1000 epochs of training?
interviewer: ...
me: Yeah, maybe that's not enough -- so let's do 10000 just to be safe.
And our training data are sequential, which I don't like, so let's shuffle them each iteration:
for epoch in range(10000):
p = np.random.permutation(range(len(trX)))
trX, trY = trX[p], trY[p]
And each epoch we'll train in batches of, I don't know, 128 inputs?
BATCH_SIZE = 128
So each training pass looks like
for start in range(0, len(trX), BATCH_SIZE):
end = start + BATCH_SIZE
sess.run(train_op, feed_dict={X: trX[start:end], Y: trY[start:end]})
and then we can print the accuracy on the training data, since why not?
print(epoch, np.mean(np.argmax(trY, axis=1) ==
sess.run(predict_op, feed_dict={X: trX, Y: trY})))
interviewer: Are you serious?
me: Yeah, I find it helpful to see how the training accuracy evolves.
interviewer: ...
me: So, once the model has been trained, it's fizz buzz time. Our input should just be the binary encoding of the numbers 1 to 100:
numbers = np.arange(1, 101)
teX = np.transpose(binary_encode(numbers, NUM_DIGITS))
And then our output is just our fizz_buzz function applied to the model output:
teY = sess.run(predict_op, feed_dict={X: teX})
output = np.vectorize(fizz_buzz)(numbers, teY)
print(output)
interviewer: ...
me: And that should be your fizz buzz!
interviewer: Really, that's enough. We'll be in touch.
me: In touch, that sounds promising.
interviewer: ...
Postscript
I didn't get the job. So I tried actually running this (code on GitHub), and it turned out it got some of the outputs wrong! Thanks a lot, machine learning!
In [185]: output
Out[185]:
array(['1', '2', 'fizz', '4', 'buzz', 'fizz', '7', '8', 'fizz', 'buzz',
'11', 'fizz', '13', '14', 'fizzbuzz', '16', '17', 'fizz', '19',
'buzz', '21', '22', '23', 'fizz', 'buzz', '26', 'fizz', '28', '29',
'fizzbuzz', '31', 'fizz', 'fizz', '34', 'buzz', 'fizz', '37', '38',
'fizz', 'buzz', '41', '42', '43', '44', 'fizzbuzz', '46', '47',
'fizz', '49', 'buzz', 'fizz', '52', 'fizz', 'fizz', 'buzz', '56',
'fizz', '58', '59', 'fizzbuzz', '61', '62', 'fizz', '64', 'buzz',
'fizz', '67', '68', '69', 'buzz', '71', 'fizz', '73', '74',
'fizzbuzz', '76', '77', 'fizz', '79', 'buzz', '81', '82', '83',
'84', 'buzz', '86', '87', '88', '89', 'fizzbuzz', '91', '92', '93',
'94', 'buzz', 'fizz', '97', '98', 'fizz', 'fizz'],
dtype='<U8')
I guess maybe I should have used a deeper network.